Impairments in executive functioning and memory were significantly correlated with survival, even after correcting for the possible confounders. Cognitive impairments ( Z-values ≦ − 2.0) were most frequent in the domains memory (18.3%) and executive functioning (25.9%). We evaluated the independent relation between these domains and survival, in a Cox proportional hazards model that included state-of-the-art integrated histomolecular (‘layered’ or WHO-2016) classification of the gliomas and other known prognostic factors. In patients undergoing awake craniotomy between 20, we performed pre-operative neuropsychological assessments in five cognitive domains, with special attention for the domains executive functioning and memory. We performed a retrospective cohort study with the aim to investigate the independent relationship between cognitive functioning and survival in treatment-naive patients undergoing awake surgery for a diffuse glioma. Additionally, these studies did not take WHO 2016 diagnosis into account. Until now, few studies focused on domain-specific neuropsychological assessment and rather used MMSE as a measure for cognitive functioning. Cognitive deficits are of important prognostic value for survival in diffuse gliomas. Diffuse gliomas (WHO grade II–IV) are progressive primary brain tumors with great variability in prognosis.
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